PCB Basics

Table Of Content

• Mastering the various electronic components and how they behave in a circuit:
• Analog circuits
• Extended Data Fig. 8 Breakdown of global warming potential for conventional FR-4 PCB.
• Step 6: USING TRANSISTOR ARRAYS/ PAIRS:
• Sensors and Transducers in Your PCB Design
• Electronics Questions and Answers
• High-pass LC filter
• Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2

There are varying standards and classifications for safety capacitors that indicate their threshold capacities. You should choose the right capacitors based on the design needs. Reverse polarity protection in a circuit can be provided by different types of diodes or by using FET circuits. A section of the circuit might need a series resistance whose value needs adjustments and isn’t fixed yet.

Mastering the various electronic components and how they behave in a circuit:

In this circuit, we have a voltage source in parallel with the capacitor in parallel with a DC motor. The motor isn’t really important for what we’re discussing here and this could be anything from a microcontroller to a voltage regulator. But briefly, before the capacitor is charged, it looks like a short circuit (or low impedance).

Analog circuits

Where an analog signal might look like a smooth wave, a digital signal will look more jagged. Because digital circuits do not deal with a continuous signal, they require less bandwidth. These types of circuits are used when more discrete signals are needed for more logical operations, such as computers and microcontrollers. Circuit simulation software allows engineers to design circuits more efficiently, reducing the time cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Breakdown of global warming potential for conventional FR-4 PCB.

Once you are satisfied with your circuit design by testing it out with your prototype, you will then move on to create a PCB for the final circuit product. These are the green boards that you are likely familiar with that are inside almost every electronic device. The circuit design process starts with outlining the idea for the problem you want to attempt to solve with an electronic circuit. This is where you will prepare the architecture for your circuit board.

Step 6: USING TRANSISTOR ARRAYS/ PAIRS:

But when using transistor as a switch we might come across a situation where the gain of our transistor is not sufficient enough to drive the load connected to it. For this case you should be choosing a battery capacity of 1.2Ah. This is because Lithium ion batteries tend to drop their voltages when the current capacity drops to 20% of their total capacity. This means voltage will drop from 12v to somewhere around 9v when the current capacity drops to 240mA in Lithium battery. Here our circuit consumes 800mA for four hours as denoted above which leaves 400mA or 27% current capacity in the battery.

Sensors and Transducers in Your PCB Design

Adding more detail to the approximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation, but also increases its running time. More complex circuits are analyzed with circuit simulation software such as SPICE and EMTP. Mixed-mode circuit simulation lets you simulate analog and digital components side-by-side.

Electronics Questions and Answers

For example, output from an LDR (light-dependent resistor) sensor needs to be converted to a voltage range that can be easily read by the microcontroller ADC. Circuits in these blocks could also be replicated in other designs requiring similar functions, promoting design reuse. To learn more about design reuse, see auto grouping of repetitive PCB design blocks. A PCB is a printed circuit board that is used to create permanent circuits.

High-pass LC filter

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Wattage rating or power rating of a resistor indicate the amount of power it can safely dissipate in the form of heat. When power dissipated exceeds the rated wattage it will result in smoking of resistor and potentially can damage the entire circuit. So Wattage rating of a resistor is equally important as their resistance values. These logic levels determines the input voltage in a digital IC to interpret it either as a 1 or a 0.

Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2

The next step up from RC filters are LC filters where the resistor is replaced with an inductor. The cutoff frequency follows the exact same equation as the low-pass RC filter, except that now frequencies above this cutoff frequency are passed. This circuit is really easy to analyze because no current will flow with the diode reverse-biased.

So for low frequencies, L1 looks like a short, and the C1 like an open circuit, therefore passing those frequencies on to the output unattenuated. For the high-pass RC filter we simply swap the resistor and the capacitor. The capacitor is still a high impedance to low frequencies and a low impedance to high frequencies.

Until the value is finalized, zero resistors can be used temporarily. Zero resistance pads also serve as a test or debug point to measure various parameters like voltage, current, etc. Electrolytic capacitors mostly work well for low-frequency applications where more charge is to be delivered. Ceramic and MLCC capacitors work well for high-frequency applications.

For example with +5V as Vcc voltage level of 5 to 2.8v will be interpreted as Logic 1 and 0 to 0.8v will be interpreted as Logic 0. Anything that falls within this voltage range of 0.9 to 2.7v will be an indeterminate region and the chip will interpret either as a 0 or as a 1 we can’t really tell. In this circuit, the signal goes into R1 and the filtered output is taken off the node between R1 and C1. A band-pass filter will only pass frequencies within a certain range. Finally, a notch filter will reject frequencies within a specific range, and pass all frequencies outside of that range. If you want to calculate the current that flows through the diode shown in Figure 6, you would use Ohm’s Law.

So in this circuit the motor would likely not operate as intended. The next circuit that we’re going to look at is called a resistor divider. The simplest type of resistor divider is made up of just two resistors.